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On August 28, the CEO of South Korean lithium battery company Aricell was arrested in connection with the "Hwaseong Battery Factory Fire" accident, which killed 23 people and injured 9 people.

On the same day, a South Korean court approved an arrest warrant for Park Chun-gwan. Investigators said Aricell's management was suspected of violating workplace safety regulations. The fire was one of the worst factory disasters in South Korea in recent years. Aricell's parent company S-Connect did not respond.

After the fire, Park Chun-gwan issued an apology statement: "We are deeply saddened by the loss of life and express our deepest condolences and apologies to the families of the victims."

He added: "We bear a huge responsibility and will do everything possible to sincerely support the deceased and their families."



At the same time, the court also approved a detention order for Park Chun-gwan's son, who is a senior executive of the company.

Authorities investigating the fire released a report on Friday, saying that the rush to meet supply deadlines and the lack of action to address signs of dangerous quality defects in the batteries produced led to the fire.

Police and labor ministry officials said that hiring temporary workers who had not received proper safety and emergency escape training to make up for the backlog of production led to a large number of casualties.

Aricell is a Korean lithium battery manufacturer established in 2020 by a certain Innovation and a certain Technology. The joint venture's equity is mainly held by Nasdaq-listed S Connect. Aricell focuses on the production of lithium thionyl chloride batteries and is a leading company in the Korean market in this field.

The disposal of used batteries is a global problem because they contain harmful substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc., which are extremely harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important to dispose of used batteries correctly. This article will introduce the disposal methods of used batteries in detail.

Classification of used batteries

1. Solar cells: silicon solar cells, organic solar cells, etc.

2. Alkaline batteries: nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-iron batteries, etc.

3. Acid batteries: lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, etc.

4. Lithium batteries: lithium-ion batteries, lithium-iron-phosphorus batteries, etc.

Disposal methods of used batteries

1. Solar cell processing

The processing of solar cells is mainly achieved by recovering valuable materials such as silicon. The specific steps are as follows:

(1) Classify the waste solar cells and separate silicon solar cells from organic solar cells.

(2) Crush the silicon solar cells to separate the silicon wafers from other components of the battery.

(3) Extract the silicon wafers through chemical methods, such as hydrogen reduction.

(4) Clean and polish the extracted silicon wafers to make new silicon wafer products.

2. Alkaline battery processing

The processing of alkaline batteries is mainly achieved by recovering valuable metals such as nickel and cobalt. The specific steps are as follows:

(1) Classify the waste batteries and separate alkaline batteries from other types of batteries.

(2) Crush the alkaline batteries to separate metals such as nickel and iron from other components of the battery.

(3) Extract metals such as nickel sulfate and iron sulfate through chemical methods, such as nickel sulfate and iron sulfate.

(4) Smelt the extracted metals to make new metal products.

3. Acid battery processing

The processing of acid batteries is mainly achieved by recovering lead and acid. The specific steps are as follows:

(1) Sort the waste batteries and separate the lead-acid batteries from other types of batteries.

(2) Crush the lead-acid batteries to separate the lead and acid.

(3) Smelt the separated lead to make new lead ingots.

(4) Treat the separated acid to extract valuable substances, such as sulfuric acid.

(5) Neutralize the treated acid to meet environmental protection requirements.

4. Lithium battery processing

The treatment of lithium batteries is mainly achieved by recovering valuable metals such as lithium and cobalt. The specific steps are as follows:

(1) Sort the waste batteries and separate the lithium batteries from other types of batteries.

(2) Crush the lithium batteries to separate lithium, cobalt and other metals from other components of the battery.

(3) Extract lithium, cobalt and other metals through chemical methods, such as lithium carbonate, cobalt sulfate, etc.

(4) Smelt the extracted metals to make new metal products.



The significance of waste battery treatment

1. Saving resources: Waste batteries contain a large amount of valuable substances such as metals and acid. Through recycling, resources can be saved and the mining of mineral resources can be reduced.

2. Protecting the environment: Harmful substances in waste batteries, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc., are extremely harmful to the environment and human health. By properly handling waste batteries, the pollution of these harmful substances to the environment can be reduced.

3. Reducing processing costs: The treatment of waste batteries can not only save resources, but also reduce processing costs. Through recycling, waste batteries can be converted into new products and reduce processing costs.

Marking & Labeling Requirements for Lithium Battery Shipments
Practical, visual guidance from Huawen New Power for UN3090/3091/3480/3481 shipments (Air/Sea/Ground)



Contents

Scope & UN Numbers
Lithium Battery Mark: When, What, How Big
Hazard Labels: Class 9 & Cargo Aircraft Only (CAO)
Placement & Examples (with SVG)
Quick Reference Tables
Common Errors & How to Avoid
Documentation & Additional Notes
Compliance References



1) Scope & UN Numbers
This guide summarizes common marking and labeling requirements for lithium battery shipments. It does not replace IATA DGR / ICAO TI, IMDG Code, or 49 CFR. Always check the latest edition and carrier/operator variations.


UN3480 – Lithium ion batteries (cells/batteries shipped alone)
UN3481 – Lithium ion batteries contained in/packed with equipment
UN3090 – Lithium metal batteries (shipped alone)
UN3091 – Lithium metal batteries contained in/packed with equipment

Regulatory guidance (IATA, IMDG, PHMSA) is periodically updated — always verify requirements for your shipment.



2) Lithium Battery Mark: When, What, How Big
Purpose: The lithium battery mark alerts handlers that a package contains lithium cells/batteries shipped under specific provisions. It typically includes the battery symbol, the relevant UN number, and a phone contact where required.

Industry guidance commonly specifies a minimum mark size of 100 mm × 100 mm. If package size prevents full mark, reduced dimensions (e.g., 100 mm × 70 mm) may be acceptable while keeping proportions. Maintain legible type and contrast.


Shape: Square or rectangular mark with red diagonal hatching border, battery symbol and UN ID(s).
When required: Applicable for many excepted shipments of standalone cells/batteries and batteries with/inside equipment; exceptions exist for very small batteries or equipment (check current regulations).
Note: The lithium battery mark is not the same as Class 9 hazard label; some consignments require both.



3) Hazard Labels: Class 9 & Cargo Aircraft Only (CAO)


Class 9 (Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods)
For consignments that require a hazard label (e.g., higher quantities or energy content), use the standardized Class 9 diamond label.


Minimum size: 100 mm × 100 mm (diamond).
Appearance: Standard artwork per UN/IATA/IMDG requirements.



Cargo Aircraft Only (CAO)
Some lithium battery consignments must be marked to indicate they are not permitted on passenger aircraft. Check the carrier/operator rules for CAO/“Cargo Aircraft Only” markings.


Typical size: ~120 mm × 110 mm (industry practice; confirm with operator).
Context: CAO markings are emphasized in FAA/PHMSA guidance for air transport safety.





4) Placement & Visual Examples
Place marks and labels on a flat, contrasting surface of the outer packaging where they are clearly visible. Avoid corners, closures, and areas that may be obscured by handling. If multiple labels are required, arrange them so they can be easily read.


UN3481 For info: +00 0000 000 000
9

SVG graphics are schematic for web use; for production labels always use the official artwork and printed dimensions from the relevant authority.



5) Quick Reference Tables
5.1 Marking vs. Labeling by UN (Typical Air Scenarios)



UN
Configuration
Typical Air PI
Lithium Battery Mark
Class 9 Label
CAO




UN3480
Li-ion cells/batteries, alone
PI 965
Often required (UN3480)
Required in some cases
May be required


UN3481
Li-ion in/with equipment
PI 966 / 967
Often required (UN3481)
Required in some cases
Depends on quantity/operator


UN3090
Li-metal cells/batteries, alone
PI 968
Often required (UN3090)
Required in many cases
Commonly required


UN3091
Li-metal in/with equipment
PI 969 / 970
Often required (UN3091)
Required in many cases
Depends on quantity



5.2 Sizes & Typography (Typical Minimums)



Item
Minimum Size
Key Elements




Lithium Battery Mark
100 × 100 mm (reduced to 100 × 70 mm if necessary)
Battery symbol, red hatching, UN ID(s), contact phone


Class 9 Hazard Label
100 × 100 mm (diamond)
Standard Class 9 artwork


CAO (Cargo Aircraft Only)
~120 × 110 mm (confirm with operator)
CAO pictogram/text per carrier guidance



Dimension rules may vary by mode/jurisdiction; consult the latest IATA, IMDG, and 49 CFR guidance and carrier requirements.



6) Common Errors & How to Avoid

Wrong size or ratio: Using undersized or distorted artwork. Always verify mm dimensions and proportions.
Missing/incorrect UN ID: The applicable UN number must appear on the lithium battery mark.
Altering the artwork: Do not modify official artwork beyond allowed text (e.g., phone number).
Omitting CAO when needed: Some shipments require CAO marking to prevent loading on passenger aircraft.
Poor placement/contrast: Avoid wrap-around placement or low contrast that reduces legibility.

Huawen New Power Tip: Keep a locked library of approved label/SVG files and train packers to verify: UN, size, contrast, CAO (if required).


7) Documentation & Additional Notes

Air (IATA/ICAO): Check Packing Instructions (PI 965–970), shipper declarations, and operator variations.
U.S. Domestic (PHMSA / 49 CFR): See §173.185 for packaging/marking exceptions and PHMSA guidance.
Sea (IMDG): Follow IMDG label sizes and stowage rules; carriers may mirror IATA for intermodal shipments.
Product Marking: Some batteries also require Wh rating on the battery case for passenger carriage rules.

Disclaimer: This page summarizes public guidance and industry practice as of 2025. Regulations and carrier policies can change; always consult the latest regulations before shipping.


8) Compliance References

IATA Lithium Battery Guidance Document (latest edition). Consult IATA DGR for packing instructions and marking artwork.
PHMSA / FAA guidance and 49 CFR §173.185 for domestic US requirements.
IMDG Code for sea transport requirements.



Work with Huawen New Power
We provide compliant lithium battery packs and full shipping support (UN38.3 test reports, MSDS, labeling templates). Contact our Dangerous Goods specialists for operator-specific checklists or custom label kits.

Contact: info@huawennewpower.com | Website: www.huawennewpower.com


© 2025 Huawen New Power. All rights reserved.

Internal Resistance: What It Tells About Battery Quality
A concise technical guide by Huawen New Power — how internal resistance (IR) impacts lithium battery performance, safety, and lifespan, and how professionals measure and manage it in custom battery packs.




What Is Internal Resistance?
Internal resistance (IR) is the opposition within a battery to the flow of electric current. Measured in milliohms (mΩ), IR determines how much voltage drops and how much heat is produced when current flows through the cell. Low IR means better efficiency and higher usable power under load.



Why Internal Resistance Matters

Efficiency & Power Output: Lower IR lets the cell supply high currents with small voltage loss.
Thermal Stability & Safety: High IR produces heat that accelerates aging and increases safety risks.
Cycle Life: IR typically increases as cells age — monitoring IR predicts end-of-life.
Pack Consistency: Mismatched IR between cells causes uneven charging and reduces pack life.



Table: How IR Affects Common Metrics



IR (mΩ)
Typical Impact
Applications Affected




<10 mΩ
Excellent high-rate performance, low heating
EVs, power tools, drones


10–30 mΩ
Good balance of power and cost
ESS, e‑bikes, portable devices


30–100 mΩ
Noticeable voltage sag under load
Consumer electronics


>100 mΩ
Poor performance at high current
Not suitable for high-drain use





How We Control and Test IR at Huawen New Power

Cell Sourcing: Work with A-grade suppliers for tight IR specs.
Cell Matching: Test and group by IR, capacity & voltage.
Precision Welding: Weld carefully to minimize extra resistance.
Aging & Testing: Verify IR stability over charge-discharge cycles.

Pro tip: When specifying a custom pack, request IR distribution data and matching tolerances — it makes a measurable difference in pack lifetime.


Quick Visual: IR vs. Performance
Performance IR →
As IR goes up, the ability to deliver current drops.



What IR Reveals About Manufacturing Quality
Two cells with identical capacity and voltage may perform very differently under load if their IR differs. Lower IR often indicates:


Better material purity and uniform electrodes
Precise manufacturing and consistent assembly
Strict cell sorting and matching



Conclusion
Internal resistance is a practical, measurable metric that correlates strongly with battery performance, safety, and lifespan. As a purchaser or system designer, always ask your battery supplier for IR data and matching tolerances.